How does
India live?

How long we live and what we die of. What a family spends in a month, and where a woman’s day goes. Whether the rains came, and whether the lights stayed on.

This Indian Life answers plain questions about 1.45 billion people with the government’s own surveys, and gives you every chart and every number to take away.

Start with a questionHow we work

1901: −14%1902: −8%1903: +2%1904: −12%1905: −17%1906: +3%1907: −10%1908: +6%1909: +5%1910: +8%1911: −14%1912: −6%1913: −10%1914: +9%1915: −9%1916: +17%1917: +27%1918: −13%1919: +10%1920: −11%1921: +12%1922: +9%1923: +3%1924: +11%1925: +2%1926: +11%1927: +10%1928: −0%1929: −1%1930: −1%1931: +10%1932: +3%1933: +19%1934: +11%1935: +5%1936: +12%1937: +2%1938: +15%1939: −4%1940: +3%1941: −8%1942: +16%1943: +6%1944: +10%1945: +10%1946: +12%1947: +12%1948: +11%1949: +9%1950: +4%1951: −13%1952: −5%1953: +11%1954: +5%1955: +9%1956: +15%1957: −0%1958: +14%1959: +20%1960: +5%1961: +21%1962: +4%1963: +4%1964: +14%1965: −19%1966: −9%1967: +2%1968: −8%1969: +4%1970: +15%1971: +5%1972: −22%1973: +6%1974: −10%1975: +15%1976: +2%1977: +3%1978: +8%1979: −17%1980: +8%1981: +2%1982: −11%1983: +14%1984: +2%1985: −4%1986: −8%1987: −14%1988: +21%1989: +2%1990: +11%1991: −1%1992: −1%1993: +2%1994: +14%1995: +4%1996: +3%1997: +0%1998: +3%1999: −3%2000: −6%2001: −7%2002: −21%2003: +3%2004: −10%2005: +0%2006: +3%2007: +11%2008: +3%2009: −18%2010: +5%2011: +5%2012: −4%2013: +9%2014: −10%2015: −13%2016: −0%2017: −3%2018: −7%2019: +12%2020: +11%2021: +0%2022: +7%2023: −5%2024: +8%2025: +8%1917+27%1965−19%1972−22%2002−21%2009−18%191019201930194019501960197019801990200020102020
1901: −14%1902: −8%1903: +2%1904: −12%1905: −17%1906: +3%1907: −10%1908: +6%1909: +5%1910: +8%1911: −14%1912: −6%1913: −10%1914: +9%1915: −9%1916: +17%1917: +27%1918: −13%1919: +10%1920: −11%1921: +12%1922: +9%1923: +3%1924: +11%1925: +2%1926: +11%1927: +10%1928: −0%1929: −1%1930: −1%1931: +10%1932: +3%1933: +19%1934: +11%1935: +5%1936: +12%1937: +2%1938: +15%1939: −4%1940: +3%1941: −8%1942: +16%1943: +6%1944: +10%1945: +10%1946: +12%1947: +12%1948: +11%1949: +9%1950: +4%1951: −13%1952: −5%1953: +11%1954: +5%1955: +9%1956: +15%1957: −0%1958: +14%1959: +20%1960: +5%1961: +21%1962: +4%1963: +4%1964: +14%1965: −19%1966: −9%1967: +2%1968: −8%1969: +4%1970: +15%1971: +5%1972: −22%1973: +6%1974: −10%1975: +15%1976: +2%1977: +3%1978: +8%1979: −17%1980: +8%1981: +2%1982: −11%1983: +14%1984: +2%1985: −4%1986: −8%1987: −14%1988: +21%1989: +2%1990: +11%1991: −1%1992: −1%1993: +2%1994: +14%1995: +4%1996: +3%1997: +0%1998: +3%1999: −3%2000: −6%2001: −7%2002: −21%2003: +3%2004: −10%2005: +0%2006: +3%2007: +11%2008: +3%2009: −18%2010: +5%2011: +5%2012: −4%2013: +9%2014: −10%2015: −13%2016: −0%2017: −3%2018: −7%2019: +12%2020: +11%2021: +0%2022: +7%2023: −5%2024: +8%2025: +8%1917+27%1972−22%192019401960198020002020

Every monsoon since 1901, one stripe each. What does El Niño do to India? →

All-India June to September rainfall against the long-period average. Since 1950, eight of the eleven monsoons that fell 10% or more short came in El Niño summers, marked . Source: India Meteorological Department; NOAA Oceanic Niño Index.

−20%Normal+20%

The lead explainerPeople · Fertility

Why is India two countries when it comes to birth rates?

Kerala reached two children per woman in 1988. India as a whole got there in 2019. Five large states in the north and centre still have not. Fifty-three years of sample-registration data, state by state.

Read the explainerSRS 1971–2023 · NFHS-6

Births per woman, by state and year
1980200020202023Kerala, 1971: 4.1Kerala, 1972: 4.1Kerala, 1973: 3.8Kerala, 1974: 3.3Kerala, 1975: 3.4Kerala, 1976: 3.4Kerala, 1977: 3.0Kerala, 1978: 2.9Kerala, 1979: 3.0Kerala, 1980: 3.0Kerala, 1981: 2.8Kerala, 1982: 2.9Kerala, 1983: 2.6Kerala, 1984: 2.4Kerala, 1985: 2.4Kerala, 1986: 2.3Kerala, 1987: 2.2Kerala, 1988: 2.0Kerala, 1989: 2.0Kerala, 1990: 1.9Kerala, 1991: 1.8Kerala, 1992: 1.7Kerala, 1993: 1.7Kerala, 1994: 1.7Kerala, 1995: 1.8Kerala, 1996: 1.8Kerala, 1997: 1.8Kerala, 1998: 1.8Kerala, 1999: 1.8Kerala, 2000: 1.9Kerala, 2001: 1.8Kerala, 2002: 1.8Kerala, 2003: 1.8Kerala, 2004: 1.7Kerala, 2005: 1.7Kerala, 2006: 1.7Kerala, 2007: 1.7Kerala, 2008: 1.7Kerala, 2009: 1.7Kerala, 2010: 1.8Kerala, 2011: 1.8Kerala, 2012: 1.8Kerala, 2013: 1.8Kerala, 2014: 1.9Kerala, 2015: 1.8Kerala, 2016: 1.8Kerala, 2017: 1.7Kerala, 2018: 1.7Kerala, 2019: 1.6Kerala, 2020: 1.5Kerala, 2021: 1.5Kerala, 2022: 1.5Kerala, 2023: 1.5Tamil Nadu, 1972: 3.9Tamil Nadu, 1973: 3.7Tamil Nadu, 1974: 3.6Tamil Nadu, 1975: 3.8Tamil Nadu, 1976: 3.8Tamil Nadu, 1977: 3.9Tamil Nadu, 1978: 3.5Tamil Nadu, 1979: 3.6Tamil Nadu, 1980: 3.4Tamil Nadu, 1981: 3.4Tamil Nadu, 1982: 3.3Tamil Nadu, 1983: 3.3Tamil Nadu, 1984: 3.3Tamil Nadu, 1985: 2.8Tamil Nadu, 1986: 2.7Tamil Nadu, 1987: 2.6Tamil Nadu, 1988: 2.5Tamil Nadu, 1989: 2.5Tamil Nadu, 1990: 2.3Tamil Nadu, 1991: 2.2Tamil Nadu, 1992: 2.2Tamil Nadu, 1993: 2.1Tamil Nadu, 1994: 2.1Tamil Nadu, 1995: 2.2Tamil Nadu, 1996: 2.1Tamil Nadu, 1997: 2.0Tamil Nadu, 1998: 2.0Tamil Nadu, 1999: 2.0Tamil Nadu, 2000: 2.1Tamil Nadu, 2001: 2.0Tamil Nadu, 2002: 2.0Tamil Nadu, 2003: 1.9Tamil Nadu, 2004: 1.8Tamil Nadu, 2005: 1.7Tamil Nadu, 2006: 1.7Tamil Nadu, 2007: 1.6Tamil Nadu, 2008: 1.7Tamil Nadu, 2009: 1.7Tamil Nadu, 2010: 1.7Tamil Nadu, 2011: 1.7Tamil Nadu, 2012: 1.7Tamil Nadu, 2013: 1.7Tamil Nadu, 2014: 1.7Tamil Nadu, 2015: 1.6Tamil Nadu, 2016: 1.6Tamil Nadu, 2017: 1.6Tamil Nadu, 2018: 1.6Tamil Nadu, 2019: 1.5Tamil Nadu, 2020: 1.4Tamil Nadu, 2021: 1.5Tamil Nadu, 2022: 1.3Tamil Nadu, 2023: 1.3Andhra Pradesh, 1971: 4.6Andhra Pradesh, 1972: 4.7Andhra Pradesh, 1973: 4.2Andhra Pradesh, 1974: 4.6Andhra Pradesh, 1975: 4.6Andhra Pradesh, 1976: 4.4Andhra Pradesh, 1977: 4.1Andhra Pradesh, 1978: 4.4Andhra Pradesh, 1979: 4.0Andhra Pradesh, 1980: 3.8Andhra Pradesh, 1981: 4.0Andhra Pradesh, 1982: 3.9Andhra Pradesh, 1983: 3.9Andhra Pradesh, 1984: 4.0Andhra Pradesh, 1985: 3.7Andhra Pradesh, 1986: 3.8Andhra Pradesh, 1987: 3.6Andhra Pradesh, 1988: 3.3Andhra Pradesh, 1989: 3.1Andhra Pradesh, 1990: 3.1Andhra Pradesh, 1991: 3.0Andhra Pradesh, 1992: 2.8Andhra Pradesh, 1993: 2.7Andhra Pradesh, 1994: 2.7Andhra Pradesh, 1995: 2.7Andhra Pradesh, 1996: 2.5Andhra Pradesh, 1997: 2.5Andhra Pradesh, 1998: 2.4Andhra Pradesh, 1999: 2.4Andhra Pradesh, 2000: 2.3Andhra Pradesh, 2001: 2.3Andhra Pradesh, 2002: 2.2Andhra Pradesh, 2003: 2.2Andhra Pradesh, 2004: 2.1Andhra Pradesh, 2005: 2.0Andhra Pradesh, 2006: 2.0Andhra Pradesh, 2007: 1.9Andhra Pradesh, 2008: 1.8Andhra Pradesh, 2009: 1.9Andhra Pradesh, 2010: 1.8Andhra Pradesh, 2011: 1.8Andhra Pradesh, 2012: 1.8Andhra Pradesh, 2013: 1.8Andhra Pradesh, 2014: 1.8Andhra Pradesh, 2015: 1.7Andhra Pradesh, 2016: 1.7Andhra Pradesh, 2017: 1.6Andhra Pradesh, 2018: 1.6Andhra Pradesh, 2019: 1.5Andhra Pradesh, 2020: 1.5Andhra Pradesh, 2021: 1.5Andhra Pradesh, 2022: 1.6Andhra Pradesh, 2023: 1.5West Bengal, 1981: 4.2West Bengal, 1982: 4.1West Bengal, 1983: 4.1West Bengal, 1984: 3.9West Bengal, 1985: 3.7West Bengal, 1986: 3.6West Bengal, 1987: 3.8West Bengal, 1988: 3.5West Bengal, 1989: 3.3West Bengal, 1990: 3.4West Bengal, 1991: 3.2West Bengal, 1992: 2.9West Bengal, 1993: 3.0West Bengal, 1994: 3.0West Bengal, 1995: 2.8West Bengal, 1996: 2.6West Bengal, 1997: 2.6West Bengal, 1998: 2.4West Bengal, 1999: 2.4West Bengal, 2000: 2.4West Bengal, 2001: 2.4West Bengal, 2002: 2.3West Bengal, 2003: 2.3West Bengal, 2004: 2.2West Bengal, 2005: 2.1West Bengal, 2006: 2.0West Bengal, 2007: 1.9West Bengal, 2008: 1.9West Bengal, 2009: 1.9West Bengal, 2010: 1.8West Bengal, 2011: 1.7West Bengal, 2012: 1.7West Bengal, 2013: 1.6West Bengal, 2014: 1.6West Bengal, 2015: 1.6West Bengal, 2016: 1.6West Bengal, 2017: 1.6West Bengal, 2018: 1.5West Bengal, 2019: 1.5West Bengal, 2020: 1.4West Bengal, 2021: 1.4West Bengal, 2022: 1.4West Bengal, 2023: 1.3Punjab, 1972: 5.3Punjab, 1973: 5.1Punjab, 1974: 4.8Punjab, 1975: 4.7Punjab, 1976: 4.8Punjab, 1977: 4.4Punjab, 1978: 4.0Punjab, 1979: 3.7Punjab, 1980: 4.0Punjab, 1981: 4.0Punjab, 1982: 4.0Punjab, 1983: 4.0Punjab, 1984: 3.8Punjab, 1985: 3.5Punjab, 1986: 3.4Punjab, 1987: 3.4Punjab, 1988: 3.4Punjab, 1989: 3.3Punjab, 1990: 3.2Punjab, 1991: 3.1Punjab, 1992: 3.1Punjab, 1993: 3.0Punjab, 1994: 2.9Punjab, 1995: 2.9Punjab, 1996: 2.8Punjab, 1997: 2.7Punjab, 1998: 2.6Punjab, 1999: 2.5Punjab, 2000: 2.4Punjab, 2001: 2.4Punjab, 2002: 2.3Punjab, 2003: 2.3Punjab, 2004: 2.2Punjab, 2005: 2.1Punjab, 2006: 2.1Punjab, 2007: 2.0Punjab, 2008: 1.9Punjab, 2009: 1.9Punjab, 2010: 1.8Punjab, 2011: 1.8Punjab, 2012: 1.7Punjab, 2013: 1.7Punjab, 2014: 1.7Punjab, 2015: 1.7Punjab, 2016: 1.7Punjab, 2017: 1.6Punjab, 2018: 1.6Punjab, 2019: 1.5Punjab, 2020: 1.5Punjab, 2021: 1.5Punjab, 2022: 1.5Punjab, 2023: 1.5Maharashtra, 1972: 4.5Maharashtra, 1973: 3.9Maharashtra, 1974: 4.1Maharashtra, 1975: 4.4Maharashtra, 1976: 3.9Maharashtra, 1977: 3.4Maharashtra, 1978: 3.5Maharashtra, 1979: 3.5Maharashtra, 1980: 3.7Maharashtra, 1981: 3.6Maharashtra, 1982: 3.8Maharashtra, 1983: 3.7Maharashtra, 1984: 3.8Maharashtra, 1985: 3.5Maharashtra, 1986: 3.6Maharashtra, 1987: 3.5Maharashtra, 1988: 3.5Maharashtra, 1989: 3.4Maharashtra, 1990: 3.2Maharashtra, 1991: 3.0Maharashtra, 1992: 2.9Maharashtra, 1993: 2.9Maharashtra, 1994: 2.9Maharashtra, 1995: 2.9Maharashtra, 1996: 2.8Maharashtra, 1997: 2.7Maharashtra, 1998: 2.7Maharashtra, 1999: 2.5Maharashtra, 2000: 2.5Maharashtra, 2001: 2.4Maharashtra, 2002: 2.3Maharashtra, 2003: 2.3Maharashtra, 2004: 2.2Maharashtra, 2005: 2.2Maharashtra, 2006: 2.1Maharashtra, 2007: 2.0Maharashtra, 2008: 2.0Maharashtra, 2009: 1.9Maharashtra, 2010: 1.9Maharashtra, 2011: 1.8Maharashtra, 2012: 1.8Maharashtra, 2013: 1.8Maharashtra, 2014: 1.8Maharashtra, 2015: 1.8Maharashtra, 2016: 1.8Maharashtra, 2017: 1.7Maharashtra, 2018: 1.7Maharashtra, 2019: 1.6Maharashtra, 2020: 1.5Maharashtra, 2021: 1.5Maharashtra, 2022: 1.5Maharashtra, 2023: 1.4Karnataka, 1971: 4.4Karnataka, 1972: 4.3Karnataka, 1973: 3.9Karnataka, 1974: 3.7Karnataka, 1975: 3.7Karnataka, 1976: 3.8Karnataka, 1977: 3.6Karnataka, 1978: 3.8Karnataka, 1979: 3.6Karnataka, 1980: 3.5Karnataka, 1981: 3.6Karnataka, 1982: 3.6Karnataka, 1983: 3.7Karnataka, 1984: 3.8Karnataka, 1985: 3.6Karnataka, 1986: 3.5Karnataka, 1987: 3.4Karnataka, 1988: 3.4Karnataka, 1989: 3.3Karnataka, 1990: 3.2Karnataka, 1991: 3.1Karnataka, 1992: 2.9Karnataka, 1993: 2.9Karnataka, 1994: 2.8Karnataka, 1995: 2.7Karnataka, 1996: 2.6Karnataka, 1997: 2.5Karnataka, 1998: 2.4Karnataka, 1999: 2.5Karnataka, 2000: 2.4Karnataka, 2001: 2.4Karnataka, 2002: 2.4Karnataka, 2003: 2.3Karnataka, 2004: 2.3Karnataka, 2005: 2.2Karnataka, 2006: 2.1Karnataka, 2007: 2.1Karnataka, 2008: 2.0Karnataka, 2009: 2.0Karnataka, 2010: 2.0Karnataka, 2011: 1.9Karnataka, 2012: 1.9Karnataka, 2013: 1.9Karnataka, 2014: 1.8Karnataka, 2015: 1.8Karnataka, 2016: 1.8Karnataka, 2017: 1.7Karnataka, 2018: 1.7Karnataka, 2019: 1.7Karnataka, 2020: 1.6Karnataka, 2021: 1.6Karnataka, 2022: 1.6Karnataka, 2023: 1.5Odisha, 1972: 4.6Odisha, 1973: 4.8Odisha, 1974: 4.7Odisha, 1975: 4.6Odisha, 1976: 4.7Odisha, 1977: 4.0Odisha, 1978: 4.5Odisha, 1979: 4.1Odisha, 1980: 4.1Odisha, 1981: 4.3Odisha, 1982: 4.3Odisha, 1983: 4.5Odisha, 1984: 4.3Odisha, 1985: 3.8Odisha, 1986: 4.2Odisha, 1987: 3.7Odisha, 1988: 3.8Odisha, 1989: 3.6Odisha, 1990: 3.5Odisha, 1991: 3.3Odisha, 1992: 3.1Odisha, 1993: 3.1Odisha, 1994: 3.3Odisha, 1995: 3.3Odisha, 1996: 3.1Odisha, 1997: 3.0Odisha, 1998: 2.9Odisha, 1999: 2.7Odisha, 2000: 2.8Odisha, 2001: 2.6Odisha, 2002: 2.6Odisha, 2003: 2.6Odisha, 2004: 2.7Odisha, 2005: 2.6Odisha, 2006: 2.5Odisha, 2007: 2.4Odisha, 2008: 2.4Odisha, 2009: 2.4Odisha, 2010: 2.3Odisha, 2011: 2.2Odisha, 2012: 2.1Odisha, 2013: 2.1Odisha, 2014: 2.1Odisha, 2015: 2.0Odisha, 2016: 2.0Odisha, 2017: 1.9Odisha, 2018: 1.9Odisha, 2019: 1.8Odisha, 2020: 1.8Odisha, 2021: 1.8Odisha, 2022: 1.7Odisha, 2023: 1.7Gujarat, 1971: 5.6Gujarat, 1972: 5.6Gujarat, 1973: 4.9Gujarat, 1974: 5.4Gujarat, 1975: 5.1Gujarat, 1976: 5.2Gujarat, 1977: 4.8Gujarat, 1978: 4.8Gujarat, 1979: 4.6Gujarat, 1980: 4.7Gujarat, 1981: 4.3Gujarat, 1982: 4.2Gujarat, 1983: 4.2Gujarat, 1984: 4.0Gujarat, 1985: 3.9Gujarat, 1986: 3.8Gujarat, 1987: 3.6Gujarat, 1988: 3.4Gujarat, 1989: 3.6Gujarat, 1990: 3.4Gujarat, 1991: 3.1Gujarat, 1992: 3.2Gujarat, 1993: 3.2Gujarat, 1994: 3.1Gujarat, 1995: 3.2Gujarat, 1996: 3.0Gujarat, 1997: 3.0Gujarat, 1998: 3.0Gujarat, 1999: 3.0Gujarat, 2000: 2.9Gujarat, 2001: 2.9Gujarat, 2002: 2.8Gujarat, 2003: 2.8Gujarat, 2004: 2.8Gujarat, 2005: 2.8Gujarat, 2006: 2.7Gujarat, 2007: 2.6Gujarat, 2008: 2.5Gujarat, 2009: 2.5Gujarat, 2010: 2.5Gujarat, 2011: 2.4Gujarat, 2012: 2.3Gujarat, 2013: 2.3Gujarat, 2014: 2.3Gujarat, 2015: 2.2Gujarat, 2016: 2.2Gujarat, 2017: 2.2Gujarat, 2018: 2.1Gujarat, 2019: 2.1Gujarat, 2020: 2.0Gujarat, 2021: 2.0Gujarat, 2022: 1.9Gujarat, 2023: 1.8Haryana, 1971: 6.7Haryana, 1972: 6.6Haryana, 1973: 6.4Haryana, 1974: 6.2Haryana, 1975: 5.8Haryana, 1976: 5.2Haryana, 1977: 4.9Haryana, 1978: 4.7Haryana, 1979: 5.2Haryana, 1980: 5.2Haryana, 1981: 5.0Haryana, 1982: 4.9Haryana, 1983: 4.8Haryana, 1984: 5.0Haryana, 1985: 4.6Haryana, 1986: 4.4Haryana, 1987: 4.3Haryana, 1988: 4.2Haryana, 1989: 4.4Haryana, 1990: 3.8Haryana, 1991: 4.0Haryana, 1992: 3.8Haryana, 1993: 3.7Haryana, 1994: 3.7Haryana, 1995: 3.7Haryana, 1996: 3.5Haryana, 1997: 3.4Haryana, 1998: 3.3Haryana, 1999: 3.2Haryana, 2000: 3.2Haryana, 2001: 3.1Haryana, 2002: 3.1Haryana, 2003: 3.0Haryana, 2004: 3.0Haryana, 2005: 2.8Haryana, 2006: 2.7Haryana, 2007: 2.6Haryana, 2008: 2.5Haryana, 2009: 2.5Haryana, 2010: 2.3Haryana, 2011: 2.3Haryana, 2012: 2.3Haryana, 2013: 2.2Haryana, 2014: 2.3Haryana, 2015: 2.2Haryana, 2016: 2.3Haryana, 2017: 2.2Haryana, 2018: 2.2Haryana, 2019: 2.1Haryana, 2020: 2.0Haryana, 2021: 2.0Haryana, 2022: 2.0Haryana, 2023: 1.9India, 1971: 5.2India, 1972: 5.2India, 1973: 4.9India, 1974: 4.9India, 1975: 4.9India, 1976: 4.7India, 1977: 4.5India, 1978: 4.5India, 1979: 4.4India, 1980: 4.4India, 1981: 4.5India, 1982: 4.5India, 1983: 4.5India, 1984: 4.5India, 1985: 4.3India, 1986: 4.2India, 1987: 4.1India, 1988: 4.0India, 1989: 3.9India, 1990: 3.8India, 1991: 3.6India, 1992: 3.6India, 1993: 3.5India, 1994: 3.5India, 1995: 3.5India, 1996: 3.4India, 1997: 3.3India, 1998: 3.2India, 1999: 3.2India, 2000: 3.2India, 2001: 3.1India, 2002: 3.0India, 2003: 3.0India, 2004: 2.9India, 2005: 2.9India, 2006: 2.8India, 2007: 2.7India, 2008: 2.6India, 2009: 2.6India, 2010: 2.5India, 2011: 2.4India, 2012: 2.4India, 2013: 2.3India, 2014: 2.3India, 2015: 2.3India, 2016: 2.3India, 2017: 2.2India, 2018: 2.2India, 2019: 2.1India, 2020: 2.0India, 2021: 2.0India, 2022: 2.0India, 2023: 1.9Assam, 1971: 5.7Assam, 1972: 5.1Assam, 1973: 4.8Assam, 1974: 4.6Assam, 1975: 4.1Assam, 1976: 4.5Assam, 1977: 4.0Assam, 1978: 4.0Assam, 1979: 4.3Assam, 1980: 4.0Assam, 1981: 4.1Assam, 1982: 4.2Assam, 1983: 4.2Assam, 1984: 4.3Assam, 1985: 4.1Assam, 1986: 4.0Assam, 1987: 4.0Assam, 1988: 3.8Assam, 1989: 3.4Assam, 1990: 3.4Assam, 1991: 3.5Assam, 1992: 3.4Assam, 1993: 3.3Assam, 1994: 3.8Assam, 1995: 3.5Assam, 1996: 3.2Assam, 1997: 3.2Assam, 1998: 3.2Assam, 1999: 3.2Assam, 2000: 3.1Assam, 2001: 3.0Assam, 2002: 3.0Assam, 2003: 2.9Assam, 2004: 2.9Assam, 2005: 2.9Assam, 2006: 2.7Assam, 2007: 2.7Assam, 2008: 2.6Assam, 2009: 2.6Assam, 2010: 2.5Assam, 2011: 2.4Assam, 2012: 2.4Assam, 2013: 2.3Assam, 2014: 2.3Assam, 2015: 2.3Assam, 2016: 2.3Assam, 2017: 2.3Assam, 2018: 2.2Assam, 2019: 2.2Assam, 2020: 2.1Assam, 2021: 2.1Assam, 2022: 2.1Assam, 2023: 2.0Rajasthan, 1973: 5.6Rajasthan, 1974: 5.4Rajasthan, 1975: 5.4Rajasthan, 1976: 4.9Rajasthan, 1977: 5.0Rajasthan, 1978: 5.1Rajasthan, 1979: 5.2Rajasthan, 1980: 5.6Rajasthan, 1981: 5.2Rajasthan, 1982: 5.3Rajasthan, 1983: 5.9Rajasthan, 1984: 5.7Rajasthan, 1985: 5.5Rajasthan, 1986: 5.0Rajasthan, 1987: 4.8Rajasthan, 1988: 4.5Rajasthan, 1989: 4.7Rajasthan, 1990: 4.5Rajasthan, 1991: 4.6Rajasthan, 1992: 4.5Rajasthan, 1993: 4.5Rajasthan, 1994: 4.5Rajasthan, 1995: 4.4Rajasthan, 1996: 4.2Rajasthan, 1997: 4.2Rajasthan, 1998: 4.1Rajasthan, 1999: 4.2Rajasthan, 2000: 4.1Rajasthan, 2001: 4.0Rajasthan, 2002: 3.9Rajasthan, 2003: 3.8Rajasthan, 2004: 3.7Rajasthan, 2005: 3.7Rajasthan, 2006: 3.5Rajasthan, 2007: 3.4Rajasthan, 2008: 3.3Rajasthan, 2009: 3.3Rajasthan, 2010: 3.1Rajasthan, 2011: 3.0Rajasthan, 2012: 2.9Rajasthan, 2013: 2.8Rajasthan, 2014: 2.8Rajasthan, 2015: 2.7Rajasthan, 2016: 2.7Rajasthan, 2017: 2.6Rajasthan, 2018: 2.5Rajasthan, 2019: 2.5Rajasthan, 2020: 2.4Rajasthan, 2021: 2.4Rajasthan, 2022: 2.5Rajasthan, 2023: 2.3Madhya Pradesh, 1971: 5.6Madhya Pradesh, 1972: 5.9Madhya Pradesh, 1973: 5.5Madhya Pradesh, 1974: 5.4Madhya Pradesh, 1975: 6.0Madhya Pradesh, 1976: 5.8Madhya Pradesh, 1977: 5.5Madhya Pradesh, 1978: 5.3Madhya Pradesh, 1979: 5.4Madhya Pradesh, 1980: 5.2Madhya Pradesh, 1981: 5.2Madhya Pradesh, 1982: 5.3Madhya Pradesh, 1983: 5.2Madhya Pradesh, 1984: 5.1Madhya Pradesh, 1985: 4.6Madhya Pradesh, 1986: 4.9Madhya Pradesh, 1987: 4.7Madhya Pradesh, 1988: 4.7Madhya Pradesh, 1989: 4.7Madhya Pradesh, 1990: 4.8Madhya Pradesh, 1991: 4.6Madhya Pradesh, 1992: 4.4Madhya Pradesh, 1993: 4.2Madhya Pradesh, 1994: 4.2Madhya Pradesh, 1995: 4.2Madhya Pradesh, 1996: 4.1Madhya Pradesh, 1997: 4.0Madhya Pradesh, 1998: 3.9Madhya Pradesh, 1999: 3.9Madhya Pradesh, 2000: 4.0Madhya Pradesh, 2001: 3.9Madhya Pradesh, 2002: 3.8Madhya Pradesh, 2003: 3.8Madhya Pradesh, 2004: 3.7Madhya Pradesh, 2005: 3.6Madhya Pradesh, 2006: 3.5Madhya Pradesh, 2007: 3.4Madhya Pradesh, 2008: 3.3Madhya Pradesh, 2009: 3.3Madhya Pradesh, 2010: 3.2Madhya Pradesh, 2011: 3.1Madhya Pradesh, 2012: 2.9Madhya Pradesh, 2013: 2.9Madhya Pradesh, 2014: 2.8Madhya Pradesh, 2015: 2.8Madhya Pradesh, 2016: 2.8Madhya Pradesh, 2017: 2.7Madhya Pradesh, 2018: 2.7Madhya Pradesh, 2019: 2.7Madhya Pradesh, 2020: 2.6Madhya Pradesh, 2021: 2.6Madhya Pradesh, 2022: 2.5Madhya Pradesh, 2023: 2.4Uttar Pradesh, 1972: 6.6Uttar Pradesh, 1973: 6.4Uttar Pradesh, 1974: 6.4Uttar Pradesh, 1975: 6.6Uttar Pradesh, 1976: 5.9Uttar Pradesh, 1977: 6.1Uttar Pradesh, 1978: 6.0Uttar Pradesh, 1979: 5.8Uttar Pradesh, 1980: 5.9Uttar Pradesh, 1981: 5.8Uttar Pradesh, 1982: 5.7Uttar Pradesh, 1983: 5.8Uttar Pradesh, 1984: 5.9Uttar Pradesh, 1985: 5.6Uttar Pradesh, 1986: 5.4Uttar Pradesh, 1987: 5.5Uttar Pradesh, 1988: 5.4Uttar Pradesh, 1989: 5.2Uttar Pradesh, 1990: 5.2Uttar Pradesh, 1991: 5.1Uttar Pradesh, 1992: 5.2Uttar Pradesh, 1993: 5.2Uttar Pradesh, 1994: 5.1Uttar Pradesh, 1995: 5.0Uttar Pradesh, 1996: 4.9Uttar Pradesh, 1997: 4.8Uttar Pradesh, 1998: 4.6Uttar Pradesh, 1999: 4.7Uttar Pradesh, 2000: 4.7Uttar Pradesh, 2001: 4.5Uttar Pradesh, 2002: 4.4Uttar Pradesh, 2003: 4.4Uttar Pradesh, 2004: 4.4Uttar Pradesh, 2005: 4.2Uttar Pradesh, 2006: 4.2Uttar Pradesh, 2007: 3.9Uttar Pradesh, 2008: 3.8Uttar Pradesh, 2009: 3.7Uttar Pradesh, 2010: 3.5Uttar Pradesh, 2011: 3.4Uttar Pradesh, 2012: 3.3Uttar Pradesh, 2013: 3.1Uttar Pradesh, 2014: 3.2Uttar Pradesh, 2015: 3.1Uttar Pradesh, 2016: 3.1Uttar Pradesh, 2017: 3.0Uttar Pradesh, 2018: 2.9Uttar Pradesh, 2019: 2.9Uttar Pradesh, 2020: 2.7Uttar Pradesh, 2021: 2.7Uttar Pradesh, 2022: 2.6Uttar Pradesh, 2023: 2.6Bihar, 1981: 5.7Bihar, 1982: 5.6Bihar, 1983: 5.5Bihar, 1984: 5.9Bihar, 1985: 5.4Bihar, 1986: 5.2Bihar, 1987: 5.3Bihar, 1988: 5.4Bihar, 1989: 5.1Bihar, 1990: 4.8Bihar, 1991: 4.4Bihar, 1992: 4.6Bihar, 1993: 4.6Bihar, 1994: 4.6Bihar, 1995: 4.5Bihar, 1996: 4.5Bihar, 1997: 4.4Bihar, 1998: 4.3Bihar, 1999: 4.5Bihar, 2000: 4.5Bihar, 2001: 4.4Bihar, 2002: 4.3Bihar, 2003: 4.2Bihar, 2004: 4.3Bihar, 2005: 4.3Bihar, 2006: 4.2Bihar, 2007: 3.9Bihar, 2008: 3.9Bihar, 2009: 3.9Bihar, 2010: 3.7Bihar, 2011: 3.6Bihar, 2012: 3.5Bihar, 2013: 3.4Bihar, 2014: 3.2Bihar, 2015: 3.2Bihar, 2016: 3.3Bihar, 2017: 3.2Bihar, 2018: 3.2Bihar, 2019: 3.1Bihar, 2020: 3.0Bihar, 2021: 3.0Bihar, 2022: 3.0Bihar, 2023: 2.8Kerala1.5Tamil Nadu1.3Andhra Pr.1.5W. Bengal1.3Punjab1.5Maharashtra1.4Karnataka1.5Odisha1.7Gujarat1.8Haryana1.9India1.9Assam2.0Rajasthan2.3Madhya Pr.2.4Uttar Pr.2.6Bihar2.81.52.1 replacement345
1980200020202023Kerala, 1971: 4.1Kerala, 1972: 4.1Kerala, 1973: 3.8Kerala, 1974: 3.3Kerala, 1975: 3.4Kerala, 1976: 3.4Kerala, 1977: 3.0Kerala, 1978: 2.9Kerala, 1979: 3.0Kerala, 1980: 3.0Kerala, 1981: 2.8Kerala, 1982: 2.9Kerala, 1983: 2.6Kerala, 1984: 2.4Kerala, 1985: 2.4Kerala, 1986: 2.3Kerala, 1987: 2.2Kerala, 1988: 2.0Kerala, 1989: 2.0Kerala, 1990: 1.9Kerala, 1991: 1.8Kerala, 1992: 1.7Kerala, 1993: 1.7Kerala, 1994: 1.7Kerala, 1995: 1.8Kerala, 1996: 1.8Kerala, 1997: 1.8Kerala, 1998: 1.8Kerala, 1999: 1.8Kerala, 2000: 1.9Kerala, 2001: 1.8Kerala, 2002: 1.8Kerala, 2003: 1.8Kerala, 2004: 1.7Kerala, 2005: 1.7Kerala, 2006: 1.7Kerala, 2007: 1.7Kerala, 2008: 1.7Kerala, 2009: 1.7Kerala, 2010: 1.8Kerala, 2011: 1.8Kerala, 2012: 1.8Kerala, 2013: 1.8Kerala, 2014: 1.9Kerala, 2015: 1.8Kerala, 2016: 1.8Kerala, 2017: 1.7Kerala, 2018: 1.7Kerala, 2019: 1.6Kerala, 2020: 1.5Kerala, 2021: 1.5Kerala, 2022: 1.5Kerala, 2023: 1.5Tamil Nadu, 1972: 3.9Tamil Nadu, 1973: 3.7Tamil Nadu, 1974: 3.6Tamil Nadu, 1975: 3.8Tamil Nadu, 1976: 3.8Tamil Nadu, 1977: 3.9Tamil Nadu, 1978: 3.5Tamil Nadu, 1979: 3.6Tamil Nadu, 1980: 3.4Tamil Nadu, 1981: 3.4Tamil Nadu, 1982: 3.3Tamil Nadu, 1983: 3.3Tamil Nadu, 1984: 3.3Tamil Nadu, 1985: 2.8Tamil Nadu, 1986: 2.7Tamil Nadu, 1987: 2.6Tamil Nadu, 1988: 2.5Tamil Nadu, 1989: 2.5Tamil Nadu, 1990: 2.3Tamil Nadu, 1991: 2.2Tamil Nadu, 1992: 2.2Tamil Nadu, 1993: 2.1Tamil Nadu, 1994: 2.1Tamil Nadu, 1995: 2.2Tamil Nadu, 1996: 2.1Tamil Nadu, 1997: 2.0Tamil Nadu, 1998: 2.0Tamil Nadu, 1999: 2.0Tamil Nadu, 2000: 2.1Tamil Nadu, 2001: 2.0Tamil Nadu, 2002: 2.0Tamil Nadu, 2003: 1.9Tamil Nadu, 2004: 1.8Tamil Nadu, 2005: 1.7Tamil Nadu, 2006: 1.7Tamil Nadu, 2007: 1.6Tamil Nadu, 2008: 1.7Tamil Nadu, 2009: 1.7Tamil Nadu, 2010: 1.7Tamil Nadu, 2011: 1.7Tamil Nadu, 2012: 1.7Tamil Nadu, 2013: 1.7Tamil Nadu, 2014: 1.7Tamil Nadu, 2015: 1.6Tamil Nadu, 2016: 1.6Tamil Nadu, 2017: 1.6Tamil Nadu, 2018: 1.6Tamil Nadu, 2019: 1.5Tamil Nadu, 2020: 1.4Tamil Nadu, 2021: 1.5Tamil Nadu, 2022: 1.3Tamil Nadu, 2023: 1.3Andhra Pradesh, 1971: 4.6Andhra Pradesh, 1972: 4.7Andhra Pradesh, 1973: 4.2Andhra Pradesh, 1974: 4.6Andhra Pradesh, 1975: 4.6Andhra Pradesh, 1976: 4.4Andhra Pradesh, 1977: 4.1Andhra Pradesh, 1978: 4.4Andhra Pradesh, 1979: 4.0Andhra Pradesh, 1980: 3.8Andhra Pradesh, 1981: 4.0Andhra Pradesh, 1982: 3.9Andhra Pradesh, 1983: 3.9Andhra Pradesh, 1984: 4.0Andhra Pradesh, 1985: 3.7Andhra Pradesh, 1986: 3.8Andhra Pradesh, 1987: 3.6Andhra Pradesh, 1988: 3.3Andhra Pradesh, 1989: 3.1Andhra Pradesh, 1990: 3.1Andhra Pradesh, 1991: 3.0Andhra Pradesh, 1992: 2.8Andhra Pradesh, 1993: 2.7Andhra Pradesh, 1994: 2.7Andhra Pradesh, 1995: 2.7Andhra Pradesh, 1996: 2.5Andhra Pradesh, 1997: 2.5Andhra Pradesh, 1998: 2.4Andhra Pradesh, 1999: 2.4Andhra Pradesh, 2000: 2.3Andhra Pradesh, 2001: 2.3Andhra Pradesh, 2002: 2.2Andhra Pradesh, 2003: 2.2Andhra Pradesh, 2004: 2.1Andhra Pradesh, 2005: 2.0Andhra Pradesh, 2006: 2.0Andhra Pradesh, 2007: 1.9Andhra Pradesh, 2008: 1.8Andhra Pradesh, 2009: 1.9Andhra Pradesh, 2010: 1.8Andhra Pradesh, 2011: 1.8Andhra Pradesh, 2012: 1.8Andhra Pradesh, 2013: 1.8Andhra Pradesh, 2014: 1.8Andhra Pradesh, 2015: 1.7Andhra Pradesh, 2016: 1.7Andhra Pradesh, 2017: 1.6Andhra Pradesh, 2018: 1.6Andhra Pradesh, 2019: 1.5Andhra Pradesh, 2020: 1.5Andhra Pradesh, 2021: 1.5Andhra Pradesh, 2022: 1.6Andhra Pradesh, 2023: 1.5West Bengal, 1981: 4.2West Bengal, 1982: 4.1West Bengal, 1983: 4.1West Bengal, 1984: 3.9West Bengal, 1985: 3.7West Bengal, 1986: 3.6West Bengal, 1987: 3.8West Bengal, 1988: 3.5West Bengal, 1989: 3.3West Bengal, 1990: 3.4West Bengal, 1991: 3.2West Bengal, 1992: 2.9West Bengal, 1993: 3.0West Bengal, 1994: 3.0West Bengal, 1995: 2.8West Bengal, 1996: 2.6West Bengal, 1997: 2.6West Bengal, 1998: 2.4West Bengal, 1999: 2.4West Bengal, 2000: 2.4West Bengal, 2001: 2.4West Bengal, 2002: 2.3West Bengal, 2003: 2.3West Bengal, 2004: 2.2West Bengal, 2005: 2.1West Bengal, 2006: 2.0West Bengal, 2007: 1.9West Bengal, 2008: 1.9West Bengal, 2009: 1.9West Bengal, 2010: 1.8West Bengal, 2011: 1.7West Bengal, 2012: 1.7West Bengal, 2013: 1.6West Bengal, 2014: 1.6West Bengal, 2015: 1.6West Bengal, 2016: 1.6West Bengal, 2017: 1.6West Bengal, 2018: 1.5West Bengal, 2019: 1.5West Bengal, 2020: 1.4West Bengal, 2021: 1.4West Bengal, 2022: 1.4West Bengal, 2023: 1.3Punjab, 1972: 5.3Punjab, 1973: 5.1Punjab, 1974: 4.8Punjab, 1975: 4.7Punjab, 1976: 4.8Punjab, 1977: 4.4Punjab, 1978: 4.0Punjab, 1979: 3.7Punjab, 1980: 4.0Punjab, 1981: 4.0Punjab, 1982: 4.0Punjab, 1983: 4.0Punjab, 1984: 3.8Punjab, 1985: 3.5Punjab, 1986: 3.4Punjab, 1987: 3.4Punjab, 1988: 3.4Punjab, 1989: 3.3Punjab, 1990: 3.2Punjab, 1991: 3.1Punjab, 1992: 3.1Punjab, 1993: 3.0Punjab, 1994: 2.9Punjab, 1995: 2.9Punjab, 1996: 2.8Punjab, 1997: 2.7Punjab, 1998: 2.6Punjab, 1999: 2.5Punjab, 2000: 2.4Punjab, 2001: 2.4Punjab, 2002: 2.3Punjab, 2003: 2.3Punjab, 2004: 2.2Punjab, 2005: 2.1Punjab, 2006: 2.1Punjab, 2007: 2.0Punjab, 2008: 1.9Punjab, 2009: 1.9Punjab, 2010: 1.8Punjab, 2011: 1.8Punjab, 2012: 1.7Punjab, 2013: 1.7Punjab, 2014: 1.7Punjab, 2015: 1.7Punjab, 2016: 1.7Punjab, 2017: 1.6Punjab, 2018: 1.6Punjab, 2019: 1.5Punjab, 2020: 1.5Punjab, 2021: 1.5Punjab, 2022: 1.5Punjab, 2023: 1.5Maharashtra, 1972: 4.5Maharashtra, 1973: 3.9Maharashtra, 1974: 4.1Maharashtra, 1975: 4.4Maharashtra, 1976: 3.9Maharashtra, 1977: 3.4Maharashtra, 1978: 3.5Maharashtra, 1979: 3.5Maharashtra, 1980: 3.7Maharashtra, 1981: 3.6Maharashtra, 1982: 3.8Maharashtra, 1983: 3.7Maharashtra, 1984: 3.8Maharashtra, 1985: 3.5Maharashtra, 1986: 3.6Maharashtra, 1987: 3.5Maharashtra, 1988: 3.5Maharashtra, 1989: 3.4Maharashtra, 1990: 3.2Maharashtra, 1991: 3.0Maharashtra, 1992: 2.9Maharashtra, 1993: 2.9Maharashtra, 1994: 2.9Maharashtra, 1995: 2.9Maharashtra, 1996: 2.8Maharashtra, 1997: 2.7Maharashtra, 1998: 2.7Maharashtra, 1999: 2.5Maharashtra, 2000: 2.5Maharashtra, 2001: 2.4Maharashtra, 2002: 2.3Maharashtra, 2003: 2.3Maharashtra, 2004: 2.2Maharashtra, 2005: 2.2Maharashtra, 2006: 2.1Maharashtra, 2007: 2.0Maharashtra, 2008: 2.0Maharashtra, 2009: 1.9Maharashtra, 2010: 1.9Maharashtra, 2011: 1.8Maharashtra, 2012: 1.8Maharashtra, 2013: 1.8Maharashtra, 2014: 1.8Maharashtra, 2015: 1.8Maharashtra, 2016: 1.8Maharashtra, 2017: 1.7Maharashtra, 2018: 1.7Maharashtra, 2019: 1.6Maharashtra, 2020: 1.5Maharashtra, 2021: 1.5Maharashtra, 2022: 1.5Maharashtra, 2023: 1.4Karnataka, 1971: 4.4Karnataka, 1972: 4.3Karnataka, 1973: 3.9Karnataka, 1974: 3.7Karnataka, 1975: 3.7Karnataka, 1976: 3.8Karnataka, 1977: 3.6Karnataka, 1978: 3.8Karnataka, 1979: 3.6Karnataka, 1980: 3.5Karnataka, 1981: 3.6Karnataka, 1982: 3.6Karnataka, 1983: 3.7Karnataka, 1984: 3.8Karnataka, 1985: 3.6Karnataka, 1986: 3.5Karnataka, 1987: 3.4Karnataka, 1988: 3.4Karnataka, 1989: 3.3Karnataka, 1990: 3.2Karnataka, 1991: 3.1Karnataka, 1992: 2.9Karnataka, 1993: 2.9Karnataka, 1994: 2.8Karnataka, 1995: 2.7Karnataka, 1996: 2.6Karnataka, 1997: 2.5Karnataka, 1998: 2.4Karnataka, 1999: 2.5Karnataka, 2000: 2.4Karnataka, 2001: 2.4Karnataka, 2002: 2.4Karnataka, 2003: 2.3Karnataka, 2004: 2.3Karnataka, 2005: 2.2Karnataka, 2006: 2.1Karnataka, 2007: 2.1Karnataka, 2008: 2.0Karnataka, 2009: 2.0Karnataka, 2010: 2.0Karnataka, 2011: 1.9Karnataka, 2012: 1.9Karnataka, 2013: 1.9Karnataka, 2014: 1.8Karnataka, 2015: 1.8Karnataka, 2016: 1.8Karnataka, 2017: 1.7Karnataka, 2018: 1.7Karnataka, 2019: 1.7Karnataka, 2020: 1.6Karnataka, 2021: 1.6Karnataka, 2022: 1.6Karnataka, 2023: 1.5Odisha, 1972: 4.6Odisha, 1973: 4.8Odisha, 1974: 4.7Odisha, 1975: 4.6Odisha, 1976: 4.7Odisha, 1977: 4.0Odisha, 1978: 4.5Odisha, 1979: 4.1Odisha, 1980: 4.1Odisha, 1981: 4.3Odisha, 1982: 4.3Odisha, 1983: 4.5Odisha, 1984: 4.3Odisha, 1985: 3.8Odisha, 1986: 4.2Odisha, 1987: 3.7Odisha, 1988: 3.8Odisha, 1989: 3.6Odisha, 1990: 3.5Odisha, 1991: 3.3Odisha, 1992: 3.1Odisha, 1993: 3.1Odisha, 1994: 3.3Odisha, 1995: 3.3Odisha, 1996: 3.1Odisha, 1997: 3.0Odisha, 1998: 2.9Odisha, 1999: 2.7Odisha, 2000: 2.8Odisha, 2001: 2.6Odisha, 2002: 2.6Odisha, 2003: 2.6Odisha, 2004: 2.7Odisha, 2005: 2.6Odisha, 2006: 2.5Odisha, 2007: 2.4Odisha, 2008: 2.4Odisha, 2009: 2.4Odisha, 2010: 2.3Odisha, 2011: 2.2Odisha, 2012: 2.1Odisha, 2013: 2.1Odisha, 2014: 2.1Odisha, 2015: 2.0Odisha, 2016: 2.0Odisha, 2017: 1.9Odisha, 2018: 1.9Odisha, 2019: 1.8Odisha, 2020: 1.8Odisha, 2021: 1.8Odisha, 2022: 1.7Odisha, 2023: 1.7Gujarat, 1971: 5.6Gujarat, 1972: 5.6Gujarat, 1973: 4.9Gujarat, 1974: 5.4Gujarat, 1975: 5.1Gujarat, 1976: 5.2Gujarat, 1977: 4.8Gujarat, 1978: 4.8Gujarat, 1979: 4.6Gujarat, 1980: 4.7Gujarat, 1981: 4.3Gujarat, 1982: 4.2Gujarat, 1983: 4.2Gujarat, 1984: 4.0Gujarat, 1985: 3.9Gujarat, 1986: 3.8Gujarat, 1987: 3.6Gujarat, 1988: 3.4Gujarat, 1989: 3.6Gujarat, 1990: 3.4Gujarat, 1991: 3.1Gujarat, 1992: 3.2Gujarat, 1993: 3.2Gujarat, 1994: 3.1Gujarat, 1995: 3.2Gujarat, 1996: 3.0Gujarat, 1997: 3.0Gujarat, 1998: 3.0Gujarat, 1999: 3.0Gujarat, 2000: 2.9Gujarat, 2001: 2.9Gujarat, 2002: 2.8Gujarat, 2003: 2.8Gujarat, 2004: 2.8Gujarat, 2005: 2.8Gujarat, 2006: 2.7Gujarat, 2007: 2.6Gujarat, 2008: 2.5Gujarat, 2009: 2.5Gujarat, 2010: 2.5Gujarat, 2011: 2.4Gujarat, 2012: 2.3Gujarat, 2013: 2.3Gujarat, 2014: 2.3Gujarat, 2015: 2.2Gujarat, 2016: 2.2Gujarat, 2017: 2.2Gujarat, 2018: 2.1Gujarat, 2019: 2.1Gujarat, 2020: 2.0Gujarat, 2021: 2.0Gujarat, 2022: 1.9Gujarat, 2023: 1.8Haryana, 1971: 6.7Haryana, 1972: 6.6Haryana, 1973: 6.4Haryana, 1974: 6.2Haryana, 1975: 5.8Haryana, 1976: 5.2Haryana, 1977: 4.9Haryana, 1978: 4.7Haryana, 1979: 5.2Haryana, 1980: 5.2Haryana, 1981: 5.0Haryana, 1982: 4.9Haryana, 1983: 4.8Haryana, 1984: 5.0Haryana, 1985: 4.6Haryana, 1986: 4.4Haryana, 1987: 4.3Haryana, 1988: 4.2Haryana, 1989: 4.4Haryana, 1990: 3.8Haryana, 1991: 4.0Haryana, 1992: 3.8Haryana, 1993: 3.7Haryana, 1994: 3.7Haryana, 1995: 3.7Haryana, 1996: 3.5Haryana, 1997: 3.4Haryana, 1998: 3.3Haryana, 1999: 3.2Haryana, 2000: 3.2Haryana, 2001: 3.1Haryana, 2002: 3.1Haryana, 2003: 3.0Haryana, 2004: 3.0Haryana, 2005: 2.8Haryana, 2006: 2.7Haryana, 2007: 2.6Haryana, 2008: 2.5Haryana, 2009: 2.5Haryana, 2010: 2.3Haryana, 2011: 2.3Haryana, 2012: 2.3Haryana, 2013: 2.2Haryana, 2014: 2.3Haryana, 2015: 2.2Haryana, 2016: 2.3Haryana, 2017: 2.2Haryana, 2018: 2.2Haryana, 2019: 2.1Haryana, 2020: 2.0Haryana, 2021: 2.0Haryana, 2022: 2.0Haryana, 2023: 1.9India, 1971: 5.2India, 1972: 5.2India, 1973: 4.9India, 1974: 4.9India, 1975: 4.9India, 1976: 4.7India, 1977: 4.5India, 1978: 4.5India, 1979: 4.4India, 1980: 4.4India, 1981: 4.5India, 1982: 4.5India, 1983: 4.5India, 1984: 4.5India, 1985: 4.3India, 1986: 4.2India, 1987: 4.1India, 1988: 4.0India, 1989: 3.9India, 1990: 3.8India, 1991: 3.6India, 1992: 3.6India, 1993: 3.5India, 1994: 3.5India, 1995: 3.5India, 1996: 3.4India, 1997: 3.3India, 1998: 3.2India, 1999: 3.2India, 2000: 3.2India, 2001: 3.1India, 2002: 3.0India, 2003: 3.0India, 2004: 2.9India, 2005: 2.9India, 2006: 2.8India, 2007: 2.7India, 2008: 2.6India, 2009: 2.6India, 2010: 2.5India, 2011: 2.4India, 2012: 2.4India, 2013: 2.3India, 2014: 2.3India, 2015: 2.3India, 2016: 2.3India, 2017: 2.2India, 2018: 2.2India, 2019: 2.1India, 2020: 2.0India, 2021: 2.0India, 2022: 2.0India, 2023: 1.9Assam, 1971: 5.7Assam, 1972: 5.1Assam, 1973: 4.8Assam, 1974: 4.6Assam, 1975: 4.1Assam, 1976: 4.5Assam, 1977: 4.0Assam, 1978: 4.0Assam, 1979: 4.3Assam, 1980: 4.0Assam, 1981: 4.1Assam, 1982: 4.2Assam, 1983: 4.2Assam, 1984: 4.3Assam, 1985: 4.1Assam, 1986: 4.0Assam, 1987: 4.0Assam, 1988: 3.8Assam, 1989: 3.4Assam, 1990: 3.4Assam, 1991: 3.5Assam, 1992: 3.4Assam, 1993: 3.3Assam, 1994: 3.8Assam, 1995: 3.5Assam, 1996: 3.2Assam, 1997: 3.2Assam, 1998: 3.2Assam, 1999: 3.2Assam, 2000: 3.1Assam, 2001: 3.0Assam, 2002: 3.0Assam, 2003: 2.9Assam, 2004: 2.9Assam, 2005: 2.9Assam, 2006: 2.7Assam, 2007: 2.7Assam, 2008: 2.6Assam, 2009: 2.6Assam, 2010: 2.5Assam, 2011: 2.4Assam, 2012: 2.4Assam, 2013: 2.3Assam, 2014: 2.3Assam, 2015: 2.3Assam, 2016: 2.3Assam, 2017: 2.3Assam, 2018: 2.2Assam, 2019: 2.2Assam, 2020: 2.1Assam, 2021: 2.1Assam, 2022: 2.1Assam, 2023: 2.0Rajasthan, 1973: 5.6Rajasthan, 1974: 5.4Rajasthan, 1975: 5.4Rajasthan, 1976: 4.9Rajasthan, 1977: 5.0Rajasthan, 1978: 5.1Rajasthan, 1979: 5.2Rajasthan, 1980: 5.6Rajasthan, 1981: 5.2Rajasthan, 1982: 5.3Rajasthan, 1983: 5.9Rajasthan, 1984: 5.7Rajasthan, 1985: 5.5Rajasthan, 1986: 5.0Rajasthan, 1987: 4.8Rajasthan, 1988: 4.5Rajasthan, 1989: 4.7Rajasthan, 1990: 4.5Rajasthan, 1991: 4.6Rajasthan, 1992: 4.5Rajasthan, 1993: 4.5Rajasthan, 1994: 4.5Rajasthan, 1995: 4.4Rajasthan, 1996: 4.2Rajasthan, 1997: 4.2Rajasthan, 1998: 4.1Rajasthan, 1999: 4.2Rajasthan, 2000: 4.1Rajasthan, 2001: 4.0Rajasthan, 2002: 3.9Rajasthan, 2003: 3.8Rajasthan, 2004: 3.7Rajasthan, 2005: 3.7Rajasthan, 2006: 3.5Rajasthan, 2007: 3.4Rajasthan, 2008: 3.3Rajasthan, 2009: 3.3Rajasthan, 2010: 3.1Rajasthan, 2011: 3.0Rajasthan, 2012: 2.9Rajasthan, 2013: 2.8Rajasthan, 2014: 2.8Rajasthan, 2015: 2.7Rajasthan, 2016: 2.7Rajasthan, 2017: 2.6Rajasthan, 2018: 2.5Rajasthan, 2019: 2.5Rajasthan, 2020: 2.4Rajasthan, 2021: 2.4Rajasthan, 2022: 2.5Rajasthan, 2023: 2.3Madhya Pradesh, 1971: 5.6Madhya Pradesh, 1972: 5.9Madhya Pradesh, 1973: 5.5Madhya Pradesh, 1974: 5.4Madhya Pradesh, 1975: 6.0Madhya Pradesh, 1976: 5.8Madhya Pradesh, 1977: 5.5Madhya Pradesh, 1978: 5.3Madhya Pradesh, 1979: 5.4Madhya Pradesh, 1980: 5.2Madhya Pradesh, 1981: 5.2Madhya Pradesh, 1982: 5.3Madhya Pradesh, 1983: 5.2Madhya Pradesh, 1984: 5.1Madhya Pradesh, 1985: 4.6Madhya Pradesh, 1986: 4.9Madhya Pradesh, 1987: 4.7Madhya Pradesh, 1988: 4.7Madhya Pradesh, 1989: 4.7Madhya Pradesh, 1990: 4.8Madhya Pradesh, 1991: 4.6Madhya Pradesh, 1992: 4.4Madhya Pradesh, 1993: 4.2Madhya Pradesh, 1994: 4.2Madhya Pradesh, 1995: 4.2Madhya Pradesh, 1996: 4.1Madhya Pradesh, 1997: 4.0Madhya Pradesh, 1998: 3.9Madhya Pradesh, 1999: 3.9Madhya Pradesh, 2000: 4.0Madhya Pradesh, 2001: 3.9Madhya Pradesh, 2002: 3.8Madhya Pradesh, 2003: 3.8Madhya Pradesh, 2004: 3.7Madhya Pradesh, 2005: 3.6Madhya Pradesh, 2006: 3.5Madhya Pradesh, 2007: 3.4Madhya Pradesh, 2008: 3.3Madhya Pradesh, 2009: 3.3Madhya Pradesh, 2010: 3.2Madhya Pradesh, 2011: 3.1Madhya Pradesh, 2012: 2.9Madhya Pradesh, 2013: 2.9Madhya Pradesh, 2014: 2.8Madhya Pradesh, 2015: 2.8Madhya Pradesh, 2016: 2.8Madhya Pradesh, 2017: 2.7Madhya Pradesh, 2018: 2.7Madhya Pradesh, 2019: 2.7Madhya Pradesh, 2020: 2.6Madhya Pradesh, 2021: 2.6Madhya Pradesh, 2022: 2.5Madhya Pradesh, 2023: 2.4Uttar Pradesh, 1972: 6.6Uttar Pradesh, 1973: 6.4Uttar Pradesh, 1974: 6.4Uttar Pradesh, 1975: 6.6Uttar Pradesh, 1976: 5.9Uttar Pradesh, 1977: 6.1Uttar Pradesh, 1978: 6.0Uttar Pradesh, 1979: 5.8Uttar Pradesh, 1980: 5.9Uttar Pradesh, 1981: 5.8Uttar Pradesh, 1982: 5.7Uttar Pradesh, 1983: 5.8Uttar Pradesh, 1984: 5.9Uttar Pradesh, 1985: 5.6Uttar Pradesh, 1986: 5.4Uttar Pradesh, 1987: 5.5Uttar Pradesh, 1988: 5.4Uttar Pradesh, 1989: 5.2Uttar Pradesh, 1990: 5.2Uttar Pradesh, 1991: 5.1Uttar Pradesh, 1992: 5.2Uttar Pradesh, 1993: 5.2Uttar Pradesh, 1994: 5.1Uttar Pradesh, 1995: 5.0Uttar Pradesh, 1996: 4.9Uttar Pradesh, 1997: 4.8Uttar Pradesh, 1998: 4.6Uttar Pradesh, 1999: 4.7Uttar Pradesh, 2000: 4.7Uttar Pradesh, 2001: 4.5Uttar Pradesh, 2002: 4.4Uttar Pradesh, 2003: 4.4Uttar Pradesh, 2004: 4.4Uttar Pradesh, 2005: 4.2Uttar Pradesh, 2006: 4.2Uttar Pradesh, 2007: 3.9Uttar Pradesh, 2008: 3.8Uttar Pradesh, 2009: 3.7Uttar Pradesh, 2010: 3.5Uttar Pradesh, 2011: 3.4Uttar Pradesh, 2012: 3.3Uttar Pradesh, 2013: 3.1Uttar Pradesh, 2014: 3.2Uttar Pradesh, 2015: 3.1Uttar Pradesh, 2016: 3.1Uttar Pradesh, 2017: 3.0Uttar Pradesh, 2018: 2.9Uttar Pradesh, 2019: 2.9Uttar Pradesh, 2020: 2.7Uttar Pradesh, 2021: 2.7Uttar Pradesh, 2022: 2.6Uttar Pradesh, 2023: 2.6Bihar, 1981: 5.7Bihar, 1982: 5.6Bihar, 1983: 5.5Bihar, 1984: 5.9Bihar, 1985: 5.4Bihar, 1986: 5.2Bihar, 1987: 5.3Bihar, 1988: 5.4Bihar, 1989: 5.1Bihar, 1990: 4.8Bihar, 1991: 4.4Bihar, 1992: 4.6Bihar, 1993: 4.6Bihar, 1994: 4.6Bihar, 1995: 4.5Bihar, 1996: 4.5Bihar, 1997: 4.4Bihar, 1998: 4.3Bihar, 1999: 4.5Bihar, 2000: 4.5Bihar, 2001: 4.4Bihar, 2002: 4.3Bihar, 2003: 4.2Bihar, 2004: 4.3Bihar, 2005: 4.3Bihar, 2006: 4.2Bihar, 2007: 3.9Bihar, 2008: 3.9Bihar, 2009: 3.9Bihar, 2010: 3.7Bihar, 2011: 3.6Bihar, 2012: 3.5Bihar, 2013: 3.4Bihar, 2014: 3.2Bihar, 2015: 3.2Bihar, 2016: 3.3Bihar, 2017: 3.2Bihar, 2018: 3.2Bihar, 2019: 3.1Bihar, 2020: 3.0Bihar, 2021: 3.0Bihar, 2022: 3.0Bihar, 2023: 2.8Kerala1.5Tamil Nadu1.3Andhra Pr.1.5W. Bengal1.3Punjab1.5Maharashtra1.4Karnataka1.5Odisha1.7Gujarat1.8Haryana1.9India1.9Assam2.0Rajasthan2.3Madhya Pr.2.4Uttar Pr.2.6Bihar2.81.52.1 replacement345

Four numbers from an ordinary Indian lifeEach one links to its explainer →

1.9 births per woman in 2023, down from 5.2 in 1971 Sample Registration System 5 h 05 m WomenMen of unpaid work a day for the average woman. For men, 56 minutes Time Use Survey 2024 ₹3,500–3,900 a month per person, what the middle of rural India spends Household Consumption Survey 2023-24 64 in 100 women have a mobile phone they use themselves NFHS-6, 2023-24

New and revised

Women, Unpaid work: 5 h 05 mWomen, Paid work: 1 h 02 mMen, Unpaid work: 0 h 56 mMen, Paid work: 4 h 11 m Work Why is women's work participation so low? Women spend about five hours a day on unpaid work at home and one on paid work. For men it runs the other way. MoneyIn progress How unequal is India? Line every Indian up by what they spend. The top 5% in cities spend about twelve times the bottom 5% in villages. Money Has India ended poverty? It depends where the line is drawn. Move it by ₹500 a month and roughly one Indian in eight moves with it.
Society How connected is India? Women with a phone of their own went from 54% to 64% between the last two health surveys. In two states it is still under half. Goa: 91% to 92%Sikkim: 89% to 92%Mizoram: 82% to 91%Arunachal Pradesh: 76% to 90%Kerala: 87% to 89%Nagaland: 83% to 89%Himachal Pradesh: 80% to 84%Delhi: 74% to 83%Meghalaya: 68% to 81%Jammu and Kashmir: 75% to 77%Tamil Nadu: 75% to 77%Punjab: 61% to 73%Uttarakhand: 61% to 73%Karnataka: 62% to 72%Assam: 57% to 67%Telangana: 60% to 66%Tripura: 53% to 66%West Bengal: 50% to 65%Haryana: 50% to 65%Andhra Pradesh: 49% to 64%India: 54% to 64%Odisha: 50% to 64%Maharashtra: 55% to 64%Bihar: 51% to 63%Rajasthan: 50% to 61%Gujarat: 49% to 59%Jharkhand: 49% to 58%Uttar Pradesh: 47% to 56%Madhya Pradesh: 39% to 49%Chhattisgarh: 41% to 48% MoneyIn progress How rich is the average Indian? Rank 18 large states by what a person spends in a month. Punjab comes second in its villages and seventh in its cities. Kerala: 1 to 5Tamil Nadu: 3 to 3Telangana: 4 to 1Haryana: 5 to 2Andhra Pradesh: 6 to 8Karnataka: 7 to 4Rajasthan: 8 to 11Maharashtra: 9 to 6Gujarat: 10 to 9Assam: 11 to 10West Bengal: 13 to 13Uttar Pradesh: 14 to 15Madhya Pradesh: 15 to 14Odisha: 16 to 12Jharkhand: 17 to 16Chhattisgarh: 18 to 18Punjab: 2 to 7Bihar: 12 to 17

Every question, by subjectAll explainers →

Economy

How big is India's economy?What does India's vehicle boom really look like?Is foreign money really fleeing India? What FDI and FII numbers actually mean.How much foreign investment did India attract? What 56 years of data show.How much money did Indians send abroad under RBI's LRS?What does India's lower-middle-income label really measure? All 27 on economy →

People

How many people live in India?Is India's population still growing?How old is India?What does India's population pyramid look like?Is India getting old before it gets rich?How many Indians are there, and where is the population heading? All 7 on people →

Health

How long do Indians live?Is India getting healthier?What kills Indians?What do India’s road-death figures reveal?How safe is it to walk on India’s roads?How healthy are those extra years?In progress All 8 on health →

Energy

When does India actually turn the power on?Is India's electricity getting cleaner, or only in some states?How does India generate electricity?In progressWhat powers India?In progressHow dependent is India on coal?In progressIs India's electricity going green?In progress All 7 on energy →

Society

How does India work?Who works in India?Does India really have the biggest jobs challenge in the world?How many Indians are in the workforce?Why is women's work participation so low?What share of Indians still work in agriculture? All 15 on society →

Climate

What India's AQI Can See, And What It Can'tAre India's big cities getting hotter?Are India's heat deaths being counted?How much CO2 does India emit?How much does India emit per person?What does El Nino do to India? All 11 on climate →
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Sister project · Measure of IndiaIndia’s economy, in numbersGuides to prices, jobs, growth, money and trade, and a profile of every state, built from official statistics and checked against the printed source.